The French are in the midst of a love affair with the cinema that has endured over a century and shows no signs of abatement. And pourquoi pas? Thanks to their ingenuity, people the world over enjoy going to the movies.
The Lumiere Brothers (Auguste and Louis) of Lyon, France invented the cinematograph, a device inspired by the kinetoscope that was created by Thomas Edison. It was with this invention that, on March 19, 1895, they filmed workers passing through the gate of their factory. The recording of this event on film represents the birth of cinema. The brothers gave private showings of their moving images in Paris on March 22 and April 17, and yet another in Lyon on June 10. Then, on December 28, 1895, they staged the first public moving picture projection of 11 one-minute film clips at the Grand Café, located at 14 boulevard des Capucines in Paris. Thirty-five people each paid one franc to watch. Two plaques on the facade of this building now commemorate the historic event.
Entrepreneurs in other countries quickly followed suit. In 1896, cinemas were established in London, Brussels and New York and Berlin. But for the next several years, the French continued to lead the new-born industry. The Frenchman Charles Pathé created the first newsreel in 1896. And in October 1897, the first building devoted entirely to cinema, called the Cinéma Lumière, was opened in Paris.
One French pioneer who is relatively unknown is Georges Melies, the first person to depict natural disaster, science fiction and fantasy adventure on film. Originally a magician, then owner of a theater that specialized in shows featuring illusion, he fully utilized his performing and production talents when he created his film company La Star-Film. He was the first director to use the techniques of surimpression (the superimposition of images) and fondu (the gradual appearance or disappearance of an image), and captured illusions, such as the disappearing woman, on film. He wrote his own scripts, served as make-up man, created his own scenery, and directed and often acted in his films. Today's makers of fantasy films, such as Spielberg and Lucas, owe a great deal to the visionary work of Melies.
Numerous film festivals throughout France feed and stimulate the seemingly insatiable appetite that the French have for cinema. Perhaps the best known and most prestigious film festival in the world takes place at Cannes. Operating every year since 1946, this international festival has promoted films that advance the appreciation of cinematography as an art. In Normandy, the Deauville festival honors independent American filmmakers and previews U.S. films that are destined for big box office. Over 100 events in France celebrate films of all genres - animated films, thrillers and even cyberfilms boast their own festivals.
The most popular festival in France is the Fête du Cinema, which takes place over a three-day period every June. Movie-goers pay full price for entry to one film and receive a "passport" that allows entry to any additional film seen during the festival for the price of only 2 € (approximately $2.50). The passport is valid in any of the 5300 cinemas in France. The year 2005 marked the 21st anniversary of this festival, held from June 26-28.
Paris hosts several film festivals annually or biannually. A festival called Cinema en Plein Air (Outdoor Cinema) is currently being held from July 19 through August 28. Now in its fifteenth year, it features projections of films on an outdoor screen at the Parc de la Villette. The Cinema en Plein Air is reminiscent of the drive-in movies that Americans used to love so much, only without the cars! Viewers can either rent a transat (canvas lawn chair) and a blanket or supply their own blankets and pillows and sit on the ground for free. Because the film begins at nightfall (which occurs at around 10:30 PM at this time of year), attendees have plenty of time to arrive, select a favorable spot, and enjoy a picnic dinner prior to settling in for the movie.
Foreign films are feted at festivals such as the Rencontres Internationales de Cinéma de Paris (Paris International Film Encounter). Now in its eleventh year, this year's festival was held from July 1-10. It included new feature films from around the world. Films produced, directed and/or featuring women from the world over are honored at the Festival International de Films de Femmes in the nearby town of Créteil (held this year from March 11-20). The Jules Verne Film Festival (held this year from April 6-11), the Paris Gay and Lesbian Film Festival (scheduled for October 14-23), the International Large Screen Film Festival (held this year from January 12-31) and L’Etrange Festival (August 31 – September 13) are other examples of the diversity of events in Paris that commemorate what the French call the 7th art.
Celebrating its fifteenth year of existence in Paris is a movie theater called Images d'Ailleurs (Images from Elsewhere). It specializes in films made by and/or about people of color. These films are always shown in v.o. (version originale or original language version) with French subtitles. Films produced by independent filmmakers are often shown there, although occasionally, more mainstream films from the U.S., such as Michael Mann's Ali, are also shown. Discussions and debates (often of a socio-political nature) on films, as well as retrospectives and festivals, are frequently held there.
Anglophones need not despair either - Paris has several theaters that show films in v.o. Because of the dominance of American films in France, it is always possible to view the latest releases (albeit several weeks after the U.S. debut). And there are a few theaters that specialize in showing American classics, again in v.o. There have been numerous Hitchcock retrospectives over the years, and stars like Clark Gable, Jimmy Stewart, Katharine Hepburn and Ava Gardner can easily be found playing at these theaters. While such activity will deflect you from your resolution to immerse yourself in French culture during your vacation, it can be a welcome diversion on a rainy afternoon.
Though American films are ubiquitous in Paris theaters, the French film industry is holding its own. Small theater owners are beginning to band together to combat the onslaught of the mega-movie houses and cineplexes that have sprouted around the city, and they continue to show independent films. The Nemo Festival (held this year from April 5-10) was created in 1998 to support French independent cinema, to focus on the relationship between cinema and the other arts, and to promote foreign independent films. The festival is held at a cinema complex called the Forum des Images (formerly called the Videotheque de Paris), which also houses a film library. This unique establishment allows you to view films on individual screens in a consultation room, and stocks over 6500 films, French or foreign, that feature Paris and its suburbs as either the subject or the setting. There are almost 200 English language films in the collection.
Possibly the ultimate French tribute to film promises to be a cultural center that will unite the Cinematheque Francaise, the Bibliotheque du Film (the Film Library) and the film archives service of the Centre National de la Cinematographie (CNC). Located in the former American Center, at 51 rue de Bercy, the film center is scheduled to open on September 28, 2005 with an exposition on the Renoir family. The center will contain a museum dedicated to the history of French cinema, a space for temporary expositions, and four projection rooms, one of which will be equipped with a digital projector. In addition, there will be a bookstore and a restaurant. Between 400,000 and 600,000 visitors per year are expected. The name of the center will be simply "51 rue de Bercy".
Paris is a film lover's paradise, and Discover Paris! would be happy to create a special itinerary for film lovers.
